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Section: Scientific Foundations
Medical Image Analysis
The quality of biomedical images tends to improve constantly (better spatial and temporal resolution, better signal to noise ratio). Not only the images are multidimensional (3 spatial coordinates and possibly one temporal dimension), but medical protocols tend to include multi-sequence (or multi-parametric)(Multisequence (or multiparametric) imaging consists in acquiring several images of a given patient with the same imaging modality (e.g. MRI, CT, US, SPECT, etc.) but with varying acquisition parameters. For instance, using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), patients followed for multiple sclerosis may undergo every six months a 3-D multisequence MR acquisition protocol with different pulse sequences (called T1, T2, PD, Flair etc): by varying some parameters of the pulse sequences (e.g Echo Time and Repetition Time), images of the same regions are produced with quite different contrasts depending on the nature and function of the observed structures. In addition, one of the acquisition (T1) can be combined with the injection of a contrast product (typically Gadolinium) to reveal vessels and some pathologies. Diffusion tensor images (DTI) can be acquired to measure the self diffusion of protons in every voxel, allowing to measure for instance the direction of white matter fibers in the brain (same principle can be used to measure the direction of muscular fibers in the heart). Functional MR images of the brain can be acquired by exploiting the so-called Bold Effect (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency): slightly higher blood flow in active regions creates subtle higher T2* signal which can be detected with sophisticated image processing techniques.) and multi-modal images(Multimodal acquisition consists in acquiring on the same patient images from different modalities, in order to exploit their complementary nature. For instance CT and MR may provide information on the anatomy (CT providing contrast between bones and soft tissues, MR providing contrast within soft tissues of different nature) while SPECT and PET images may provide functional information by measuring a local level of metabolic activity.) for each single patient.
Despite remarkable efforts and advances during the past twenty years, the central problems of segmentation and registration have not been solved in the general case. It is our objective in the short term to work on specific versions of these problems, taking into account as much a priori information as possible on the underlying anatomy and pathology at hand. It is also our objective to include more knowledge on the physics of image acquisition and observed tissues, as well as on the biological processes involved. Therefore the research activities mentioned in this section will incorporate the advances made in Computational Anatomy and Computational Physiology as described in sections 3.4 and 3.5 .
We plan to pursue our efforts on the following problems: